Section 1 Building Blocks of Structural Intervention 1

1 Building Blocks of Structural Intervention: An Approach for Procedural Training Claire E. Raphael Chanranjit Rihal 2

2 Access and Pitfalls Yader Sandoval Rajiv Gulati 12

3 Imaging for SHD Interventions Jeremy J. Thaden Joseph R Maalouf 22

4 Hemodynamics for the Structural Interventionalist Yogesh N.V. Reddy Rick A. Nishimura 43

5 Techniques of Transseptal Puncture Mohamad Alkhouli David R. Holmes Jr. 57

Section 2 Aortic Valve Interventions 71

6 Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty Claire E. Raphael David R. Holmes Jr. 72

7 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Work up and Indications for Intervention Claire E. Raphael Abdallah El Sabbagh Charanjit Rihal 81

8 Balloon Expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Oluseun Alli Rajiv Gulati 88

9 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using Self-Expanding Valve Abdallah El Sabbagh Gurpreet Sandhu 95

10 Transfemoral TAVR Complications Oluseun Alli Gurpreet Sandhu 108

11 TAVR Alternate Access Sites Monisha Sudarshan Claire E. Raphael Mayra Guerrero Kevin L. Greason 114

12 Aortic Valve-in-Valve TAVR Elad Maor Israel M. Barbash 129

13 Aortic Paravalvular Leak Closure Mohamad Alkhouli Saurabh Sanon Mohammed Al-Hijji Mackram F. Eleid 138

Section 3 Mitral Valve Interventions 147

14 Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty Mohamad Alkhouli Mohammad Sarraf 148

15 Percutaneous Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair Using the MitraClip® Sidakpal Panaich Guy Reeder 160

16 Percutaneous Mitral Valve-In-Valve and Valve-In-Ring Timothy A. Joseph Mackram F. Eleid 175

17 Mitral Paravalvular Leak Closure Mohammed Al-Hijji Mackram F. Eleid 190

18 Mitral Valve-in-MAC Mayra Guerrero Mackram F. Eleid Charanjit Rihal 209

Section 4 Atrial Septal Interventions 223

19 Atrial Septal Defect, Patent Foramen Ovale, and Atrial Septostomy Guy S. Reeder Allison K. Cabalka 224

Section 5 Ventricular Septal Interventions 237

20 Transcatheter Closure of Post Myocardial Infarction, Iatrogenic, and Congenital Ventricular Septal Defects Alexander C. Egbe Nathaniel W. Taggart 238

21 Alcohol Septal Ablation for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Thomas M. Waterbury Mackram F. Eleid 247

Section 6 Left Atrial Interventions 255

22 Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Sidakpal S. Panaich David R. Holmes Jr. 256

23 Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Management and Outcomes R. Jay Widmer David R. Holmes Jr. 267

Section 7 Tricuspid Valve 279

24 Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve/Valve-in-Ring Therapy Allison K. Cabalka Abdallah El Sabbagh Mackram F. Eleid 280

25 Novel Percutaneous Tricuspid Repair Techniques Abdallah El Sabbagh Mackram F. Eleid 290

Section 8 ACHD Interventions 297

26 Coarctation and PDA Closure Donald J. Hagler 298

27 Closure of Abnormal Coronary Communications: Coronary, Fistulae, Congenital, and Iatrogenic Donald J. Hagler Peter Pollak 320

28 Pulmonary Valve Interventions: Valvuloplasty and Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement Allison K. Cabalka 333

29 Pseudoaneurysm Diagnosis and Management Kashish Gael Mohammed Al-Hijji Charanjit S. Rihal 343

30 Pulmonary Balloon Angioplasty for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Abdallah El Sabbagh Gurpreet S. Sandhu 361

31 Transcatheter Biopsy for Intracardiac Masses Gautam Reddy Charanjit Rihal 374